The Importance of Proper Ventilation in Coastal Homes​

Your bathroom should be more than just functional—it should feel like a relaxing retreat, especially in a coastal home. At South Texas Home Builders, we specialize in crafting bathrooms that blend serene, spa-inspired design with practical features that stand up to coastal humidity and salt air. Here are our favorite bathroom design ideas that bring out the best of coastal comfort and durability. 1. Coastal Color Palettes + Materials 🎨🏝️ The right tones can completely transform your space into a peaceful, beach-inspired haven. ✅ Go-To Color + Material Ideas: ✔️ Soft whites, sandy beiges, and ocean blues ✔️ Pebble tile flooring or wave-patterned backsplashes ✔️ Driftwood-style vanities and natural stone accents 💡 Builder Tip: Stick to light colors and natural textures—they reflect light and bring a calming coastal vibe to even small bathrooms. 2. Moisture-Resistant Finishes 💧🧼 Bathrooms in coastal homes require extra protection from humidity and water exposure. ✅ Smart Material Choices: ✔️ Ceramic or porcelain tile (instead of hardwood) ✔️ Quartz or solid surface countertops ✔️ Corrosion-resistant fixtures and cabinet hardware 💡 Builder Tip: We guide you toward materials that are both beautiful and tough enough to handle coastal conditions. 3. Spa-Like Showers + Soaking Tubs 🚿🛀 Make your bathroom a relaxing escape with upgraded bathing options designed for comfort and luxury. ✅ Must-Have Features: ✔️ Frameless glass walk-in showers with rainfall heads ✔️ Freestanding soaking tubs with ocean views ✔️ Built-in shower benches and niche storage 💡 Builder Tip: We consider layout and plumbing early in the design so these luxury upgrades fit your space and budget. 4. Functional Storage + Organization 🧺🚪 Beach life means towels, sunscreen, and gear—your bathroom storage needs to work hard while looking great. ✅ Storage Ideas: ✔️ Floating shelves or linen towers ✔️ Recessed medicine cabinets for a clean look ✔️ Vanities with deep drawers and under-sink organizers 💡 Builder Tip: We’ll customize your vanity layout to match your storage habits and household size. 5. Lighting That Enhances Natural Beauty 💡🪞 Good lighting can elevate your bathroom and make getting ready each day more enjoyable. ✅ Coastal Lighting Options: ✔️ Backlit mirrors or sconces on either side ✔️ Recessed lighting in showers or over tubs ✔️ Skylights or transom windows for natural light 💡 Builder Tip: We combine ambient, task, and accent lighting to create a bathroom that’s both practical and peaceful. At South Texas Home Builders, we bring your dream bathroom to life with timeless coastal style and smart design. Whether you're after a spa retreat or a practical guest bath, we'll help you create a space that’s beautiful, durable, and perfectly suited to coastal living.  📞 Contact us today to start designing the bathroom you’ve always wanted in your custom coastal home.

The kitchen is the heart of the home—and in a coastal custom build, it’s where style, function, and location truly shine. At South Texas Home Builders, we design kitchens that reflect the breezy, laid-back charm of coastal living while offering the durability and efficiency required for life near the sea. Here’s how to bring a fresh, coastal feel to your kitchen while keeping it practical and custom to your lifestyle. 1. Light + Airy Color Palettes 🎨☀️ Coastal kitchens thrive on light. Using a soft color scheme helps reflect natural light and enhances that open, beachy feel. ✅ Coastal Color Favorites: ✔️ Crisp whites and soft grays ✔️ Hints of seafoam, sky blue, or sandy beige ✔️ Natural wood tones or driftwood finishes 💡 Builder Tip: Light-colored cabinets and backsplashes pair beautifully with quartz or marble countertops that mimic beach textures. 2. Coastal-Inspired Materials + Finishes 🪵🌊 Materials in a coastal kitchen need to withstand humidity, sun exposure, and salty air—all while looking good. ✅ Durable, Stylish Options: ✔️ Moisture-resistant cabinetry and trim ✔️ Tile backsplashes that evoke ocean waves or shell textures ✔️ Marine-grade or stainless steel fixtures 💡 Builder Tip: We help you choose finishes that maintain their beauty and function even with heavy use and humidity. 3. Functional, Open Layouts 📐👨‍🍳 Coastal homes are known for easy indoor-outdoor living—and your kitchen should reflect that same open, inviting vibe. ✅ Layout Must-Haves: ✔️ Large kitchen islands for seating + prep space ✔️ Open shelving or glass-front cabinets to showcase beachy dishware ✔️ Flowing transitions to dining and outdoor spaces 💡 Builder Tip: We design layouts that maximize space and keep entertaining and family time at the forefront. 4. Smart Storage Solutions 🧺🗄️ With sandy feet and beach gear often in the mix, thoughtful storage is key in coastal kitchens. ✅ Coastal Storage Ideas: ✔️ Walk-in pantry with built-in shelving ✔️ Appliance garages for a clutter-free counter ✔️ Deep drawers for pots and pans + pull-out trays 💡 Builder Tip: We integrate storage into every part of your kitchen—from hidden nooks to oversized pantry spaces. 5. Natural Light + Coastal Views 🌅🪟 In coastal kitchens, we aim to capture every drop of sunlight—and every breathtaking view. ✅ Light-Enhancing Design: ✔️ Oversized or corner windows over the sink ✔️ Skylights or transoms to bring in soft, diffused light ✔️ Glass doors opening to patios or decks 💡 Builder Tip: We position windows strategically to frame the view while keeping your kitchen bright and breezy. Whether you want something modern and breezy or cozy and classic, South Texas Home Builders designs kitchens that are as functional as they are beautiful—all inspired by life on the coast.  📞 Contact us today to begin planning your custom coastal kitchen that fits your lifestyle, your view, and your taste.

In humid and storm-prone coastal areas like the Texas Gulf Coast, insulation isn’t just about comfort—it’s about long-term durability, mold prevention, and energy efficiency. At South Texas Home Builders, we prioritize high-performance insulation solutions designed to thrive in coastal climates. Here’s how we help keep your custom home energy-smart and climate-ready from the inside out. 1. Closed-Cell Spray Foam Insulation 🧊🔒 Spray foam is one of the top-performing options for coastal homes, especially in tight attic and crawl spaces. ✅ Benefits: ✔️ High R-value per inch for superior thermal resistance ✔️ Creates an airtight seal against moisture and air leaks ✔️ Adds structural strength to walls and roofs 💡 Builder Tip: Closed-cell spray foam is especially effective in pier-and-beam homes or homes on stilts—areas prone to moisture exposure. 2. Rigid Foam Board Insulation 📦🏗️ Rigid foam boards offer a durable and versatile solution for foundations and exterior walls. ✅ Benefits: ✔️ Resists moisture and won’t absorb water ✔️ Reduces thermal bridging in framing ✔️ Available in EPS, XPS, and polyiso varieties 💡 Builder Tip: We often combine foam board with house wrap and sheathing like Zip System to maximize moisture control. 3. Reflective Radiant Barriers 🌞🪞 Texas coastal homes get plenty of sun—radiant barriers help reflect that heat and lower cooling loads. ✅ Smart Uses: ✔️ Installed beneath roof decking to reflect solar energy ✔️ Ideal for unvented attics and metal roofs ✔️ Helps improve overall energy efficiency 💡 Builder Tip: Radiant barriers are most effective when combined with proper attic insulation and ventilation. 4. Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) 🧱🏘️ ICFs offer unmatched durability and insulation in hurricane-prone regions. ✅ Why Choose ICF: ✔️ High wind and impact resistance ✔️ Excellent soundproofing and thermal performance ✔️ Mold- and pest-resistant core materials 💡 Builder Tip: If you’re building a luxury coastal home or planning to age in place, ICF construction is a high-end option worth considering. 5. Vapor Barriers + Moisture Control 🚫💧 In high-humidity zones, moisture control is essential to preventing mold and rot. ✅ Coastal Solutions: ✔️ Properly installed vapor barriers behind walls ✔️ Sealed crawlspaces and slab insulation ✔️ Dehumidification systems for high-moisture areas 💡 Builder Tip: We plan insulation and moisture control together—because the wrong combo can do more harm than good in coastal zones. Building a well-insulated coastal home means more than keeping cool—it means building smart.  📞 Contact South Texas Home Builders to learn how we design custom homes with innovative insulation that protects your investment and keeps your family comfortable year-round.

Windows and doors aren’t just about aesthetics—they’re your home’s first line of defense against coastal winds, rain, and salt air. At South Texas Home Builders, we help you choose products that meet strict coastal codes while still fitting the look and function of your dream home. Here’s what to consider when selecting windows and doors built to withstand life on the Texas coast. 1. Impact-Resistant Windows 🛡️🌬️ Coastal homes are required to meet windstorm standards, and impact-rated windows are often a must. ✅ Benefits: ✔️ Withstand flying debris during storms ✔️ Provide added security and sound insulation ✔️ UV filtering helps protect interior finishes 💡 Builder Tip: We use windows certified for the Texas Department of Insurance (TDI) Windstorm Program so your home stays compliant and protected. 2. Weather-Sealed Entry Doors 🚪🧼 Your front door needs to resist more than just wear and tear—it should stand up to moisture, wind, and pressure changes. ✅ Best Materials: ✔️ Fiberglass or composite doors (rot-resistant and energy efficient) ✔️ Solid wood with marine-grade finishes (if properly sealed and maintained) ✔️ Multi-point locking systems for extra reinforcement 💡 Builder Tip: We install doors with tight seals and thresholds to prevent wind-driven rain from entering your home during a storm. 3. Coastal-Grade Sliding and Patio Doors 🚪🌴 Indoor-outdoor living is a staple of coastal design—but the right door makes all the difference. ✅ Smart Options: ✔️ Hurricane-rated sliding or French doors with laminated glass ✔️ Aluminum or vinyl frames that resist salt corrosion ✔️ Large panes for panoramic views, without sacrificing strength 💡 Builder Tip: We recommend low-E glass to keep UV rays out while still maximizing your Gulf Coast views. 4. Corrosion-Resistant Hardware and Finishes 🧰🌦️ Even the strongest window or door needs durable hardware to go the distance. ✅ Look For: ✔️ Stainless steel hinges, handles, and locks ✔️ Powder-coated or anodized aluminum components ✔️ Hardware warranties rated for coastal zones 💡 Builder Tip: Salt air corrodes metals fast—coastal-rated finishes help prevent rust and ensure long-lasting performance. 5. Energy-Efficient Features 🌞🧊 Coastal heat and humidity can affect indoor comfort and energy use—your windows and doors play a big role in regulating both. ✅ Key Features: ✔️ Double- or triple-pane glass with argon gas fill ✔️ Thermal breaks in door and window frames ✔️ ENERGY STAR® rated products tailored to your climate zone 💡 Builder Tip: We help you choose products that reduce solar heat gain without darkening your interiors. Want peace of mind that your windows and doors are as tough as they are beautiful?  📞 Reach out to South Texas Home Builders today, and let’s design your custom coastal home with weather-resistant windows and doors that enhance both protection and style.

Your roof does more than top off your home—it protects everything beneath it. On the Texas coast, choosing the right roofing material is essential for durability, wind resistance, and long-term curb appeal. At South Texas Home Builders, we work closely with clients to select roofing systems that can withstand salt air, tropical storms, and blazing heat—all while complementing the home’s coastal design. Here are the best roofing options for your custom home by the sea. 1. Standing Seam Metal Roofing 🪙💨 This is one of the top choices for coastal homes thanks to its strength, longevity, and modern look. ✅ Benefits: ✔️ Resists high winds, corrosion, and fire ✔️ Reflects heat and reduces cooling costs ✔️ Long lifespan—up to 50+ years with minimal maintenance 💡 Builder Tip: We recommend aluminum or coated steel panels with concealed fasteners for maximum protection against salt and moisture. 2. Architectural Asphalt Shingles 🧱🏡 If you want the classic look of shingles with improved performance, architectural asphalt shingles are a budget-friendly favorite. ✅ Benefits: ✔️ Higher wind and impact ratings than traditional 3-tab shingles ✔️ Available in various coastal-inspired colors ✔️ Often approved for windstorm certification when properly installed 💡 Builder Tip: We only use Class 4 impact-rated shingles to give your home an edge in hurricane-prone areas. 3. Synthetic Slate or Shake Roofing 🪵🌧️ Want the upscale look of natural materials without the upkeep? Synthetic roofing gives the charm of wood or stone—without the rot or breakage. ✅ Benefits: ✔️ Lightweight and storm-resistant ✔️ Mimics real wood shakes or slate tiles ✔️ UV-resistant and low maintenance 💡 Builder Tip: These products are ideal for custom homes where curb appeal is a top priority—plus they often come with long warranties. 4. Clay or Concrete Tile Roofing 🧱🔥 Tiles are common in coastal communities thanks to their resistance to sun and salt—but they must be installed correctly to handle wind. ✅ Benefits: ✔️ Naturally insulative and energy-efficient ✔️ Highly durable in hot, coastal climates ✔️ Beautiful and timeless aesthetic 💡 Builder Tip: We use reinforced systems and anchoring methods to ensure tile roofs stay put—even in high winds. 5. Cool Roof Coatings + UV Protection ☀️🎨 Coastal homes take a beating from sunlight. Whether you choose metal, tile, or shingles, adding UV-reflective coatings helps preserve color and reduce attic heat. ✅ Consider: ✔️ White or light-colored finishes to reflect sunlight ✔️ Factory-coated products for lasting performance ✔️ Reflective underlayments to boost energy efficiency 💡 Builder Tip: A cooler roof means a cooler interior—especially important when designing for coastal energy savings. Looking for a roof that can handle everything the coast throws your way—without sacrificing style?  📞 Contact South Texas Home Builders today. We’ll help you find the perfect roofing option that protects your investment and enhances your home’s beauty by the bay.

When building a custom home on the Texas coast, durability is just as important as style. Salt air, humidity, high winds, and intense sunlight can quickly wear down materials that aren’t built for the elements. At South Texas Home Builders, we guide our clients in choosing exterior materials that not only look beautiful but also stand up to coastal conditions for the long haul. Here are our top recommendations for resilient, low-maintenance exterior materials. 1. Weather-Resistant Siding That Lasts 🧱🌬️ Your siding is your home’s first defense against salt, sand, and storms. Choose materials that won’t warp, crack, or require constant upkeep. ✅ Durable Siding Options: ✔️ Fiber cement siding (like HardiePlank) ✔️ Engineered wood with coastal-rated finishes ✔️ PVC or composite panels for modern designs 💡 Builder Tip: We recommend fiber cement siding for its resistance to moisture, pests, and fire—and it comes in a variety of textures and colors. 2. Coastal-Tough Roofing Systems 🏠🌪️ Roofs on coastal homes need to be both impact- and wind-rated. The right roof can save you from damage during storms and reduce long-term maintenance costs. ✅ Roofing Materials That Work: ✔️ Standing seam metal roofing (high wind resistance) ✔️ Class 4 impact-rated asphalt shingles ✔️ Synthetic slate or tile alternatives 💡 Builder Tip: We’ll help you balance looks, performance, and budget while meeting insurance and windstorm requirements. 3. Moisture-Proof Trim and Fascia 📏🌧️ Trim and fascia take a beating from rain and sea spray. Wood trim can rot quickly if not properly protected—so we recommend synthetic or treated alternatives. ✅ Best Trim Choices: ✔️ PVC or composite trim boards ✔️ Fiber cement trim ✔️ Rot-resistant, treated wood (if staining is preferred) 💡 Builder Tip: We pre-finish and seal all trim pieces before installation to ensure longevity and reduce maintenance. 4. Fade-Resistant Paint and Finishes 🎨☀️ The Texas sun is no joke—especially on the coast. Your paint and finishes should resist fading, peeling, and cracking. ✅ What to Use: ✔️ Marine-grade or UV-resistant exterior paints ✔️ Solid stains for natural wood elements ✔️ Factory-finished siding products for consistent color 💡 Builder Tip: Lighter exterior colors reflect heat and can help keep your home cooler while resisting fading. 5. Corrosion-Resistant Hardware + Fixtures 🔩🌊 Every fastener and exposed metal part on your home’s exterior should be chosen with salt air in mind. ✅ Recommended Finishes: ✔️ Stainless steel or hot-dipped galvanized nails and screws ✔️ Aluminum or powder-coated fixtures ✔️ Brass or composite hardware for gates and outdoor showers 💡 Builder Tip: We never cut corners with hidden details like fasteners—it’s those choices that make the biggest difference over time. Ready to build a coastal home that looks great and stands strong for years to come?  📞 Contact South Texas Home Builders today and let us help you select the best exterior materials for your custom coastal build. Ask ChatGPT

Living on the Southern Texas coast means enjoying coastal breezes, waterfront views—and managing natural resources wisely. At South Texas Home Builders, we help clients incorporate smart water conservation strategies into their custom home designs from day one. Whether you're building new or improving efficiency in your current home, these strategies can make a big difference. 1. Smart Irrigation Systems for Coastal Landscaping 🌱💦 Watering your lawn and garden can account for a big portion of home water usage. Smart irrigation ensures you're not overdoing it. ✅ Water-Saving Features: ✔️ Drip irrigation systems for targeted watering ✔️ Rain sensors that pause watering when nature pitches in ✔️ Timers set for cooler times of day to reduce evaporation 💡 Builder Tip: We design your yard with drought-tolerant, native plants that thrive in coastal soil and need less water overall. 2. Low-Flow Fixtures + Efficient Appliances 🚿🛁 Swapping out traditional plumbing fixtures can lead to major water savings—without sacrificing comfort. ✅ Where to Upgrade: ✔️ Low-flow toilets, faucets, and showerheads ✔️ ENERGY STAR-rated dishwashers and washing machines ✔️ Water heater with on-demand circulation 💡 Builder Tip: We help you choose high-efficiency fixtures during the design phase so they’re integrated into your custom home from the start. 3. Rainwater Harvesting Systems 🌧️🪣 Collecting rainwater is a great way to irrigate landscaping or even flush toilets, depending on the system you install. ✅ Rainwater Collection Ideas: ✔️ Gutters that channel into above- or below-ground storage tanks ✔️ Simple barrel systems for garden use ✔️ Filtration options for expanded usage 💡 Builder Tip: We can plan a rainwater harvesting system into your roof and drainage design so it looks sleek and functions efficiently. 4. Gray Water Reuse Systems 🚰🔁 Gray water is gently used water from sinks, showers, or laundry that can be repurposed for irrigation. ✅ Gray Water Benefits: ✔️ Reduces total water usage ✔️ Lowers demand on septic systems or city sewage ✔️ Adds sustainability to your custom home 💡 Builder Tip: We'll guide you through what's code-compliant and practical based on your property and goals. 5. Coastal-Friendly Landscape Design 🌾🏖️ Water-wise landscaping starts with thoughtful design—not just good plants. ✅ Key Principles: ✔️ Group plants with similar water needs ✔️ Use mulch to reduce evaporation ✔️ Build in swales and permeable hardscapes to control runoff 💡 Builder Tip: We design outdoor spaces to handle salt spray, sandy soil, and long dry spells without constant watering. Looking to build a smart, sustainable home by the coast?  📞 Contact South Texas Home Builders today and ask about our water-efficient design options—we’re here to help you conserve resources and build responsibly.

The sunny skies of the South Texas coast make it an ideal setting for incorporating solar energy into your custom home. At South Texas Home Builders, we help homeowners design beautiful coastal homes that are not only stylish and storm-resilient—but also powered by clean, renewable energy. Whether you're looking to cut your utility bills, reduce your carbon footprint, or boost energy independence, solar power is a smart investment for coastal living. Here’s how we help you harness the power of the sun in your custom coastal build. 1. Roof Design That Supports Solar Power 🏗️🔋 The first step to going solar is designing a roof that’s solar-ready. ✅ Key Features: ✔️ South- or west-facing slopes for maximum sun exposure ✔️ Open roof space free of shade or obstructions ✔️ Roof pitch optimized for solar panel angles 💡 Builder Tip: During your design phase, we can plan the perfect roof layout for seamless solar integration—even if you install panels later. 2. Choosing the Right Solar Panel System ☀️🔌 Not all solar panels are created equal—and we help you choose a system that fits your budget, home size, and energy needs. ✅ Common Options: ✔️ Grid-tied systems (with or without battery backup) ✔️ Off-grid systems for remote or backup power ✔️ Solar shingles for a sleeker look 💡 Builder Tip: We connect you with trusted local solar providers and prepare the electrical infrastructure during construction. 3. Integrating Battery Storage Systems 🔋🌙 Want to use solar energy even when the sun isn’t shining? Battery storage lets you bank excess power for nighttime use or storm outages. ✅ Benefits: ✔️ Increased energy independence ✔️ Backup power for essential systems during outages ✔️ Maximize your return on solar investment 💡 Builder Tip: We can include a dedicated mechanical room or wall-mount setup for batteries, with coastal-safe ventilation and weather protection. 4. Incentives + Long-Term Savings 💰🌎 Solar energy is a big upfront investment—but it pays off in both savings and value. ✅ Advantages: ✔️ Federal and state tax incentives ✔️ Lower monthly energy bills ✔️ Increased resale value for energy-efficient homes 💡 Builder Tip: We help you document your energy-efficient features for resale or appraisal purposes. 5. Coastal Considerations for Solar Panels 🌴🌧️ Living on the coast comes with unique challenges—and we build solar-friendly homes with those in mind. ✅ Smart Coastal Prep: ✔️ Corrosion-resistant mounts and hardware ✔️ Wind-rated panels secured to withstand storms ✔️ Low-profile mounting options to reduce uplift 💡 Builder Tip: We plan all solar features with coastal building codes in mind to ensure your investment is secure and long-lasting. ⚡ Bring the Sun Home Harnessing solar energy is more than a trend—it’s a powerful way to future-proof your custom coastal home. South Texas Home Builders can help you design a solar-ready home that fits your needs, budget, and the bright coastal climate.  📞 Ready to get started? Contact South Texas Home Builders and let’s design a coastal home powered by sunshine.

Building on the southern Texas coast means designing with both nature and efficiency in mind. Coastal homes face heat, humidity, and salt air—but with smart planning and modern materials, your custom home can be as energy-efficient as it is beautiful. At South Texas Home Builders, we specialize in crafting homes that are comfortable, cost-effective, and environmentally conscious. Here’s how we incorporate energy-efficient features tailored for coastal living. 1. High-Performance Windows + Doors 🪟🚪 Your windows and doors are your first defense against the elements—and one of the biggest factors in keeping cool air in and hot, humid air out. ✅ Smart Selections: ✔️ Double- or triple-pane insulated glass ✔️ Low-E (low-emissivity) coatings to reflect UV rays ✔️ Impact-rated storm windows with tight seals 💡 Builder Tip: We install window and door packages rated for coastal conditions that reduce heat transfer and withstand strong winds. 2. Superior Insulation for Humid Climates 🧱🧊 Insulation keeps your interior comfortable year-round—especially when built for humid environments like the Gulf Coast. ✅ Best Options: ✔️ Closed-cell spray foam for air sealing and moisture resistance ✔️ Radiant barrier roof decking to reduce heat gain ✔️ Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) for energy and storm protection 💡 Builder Tip: We recommend moisture-resistant insulation materials that won’t break down over time in high-humidity conditions. 3. Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems 🌬️🌡️ Heating and cooling account for a major part of energy use in any home—so your system needs to be optimized from the start. ✅ Recommended Upgrades: ✔️ High-SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) HVAC units ✔️ Programmable or smart thermostats ✔️ Zoned systems for different areas of the home 💡 Builder Tip: We’ll calculate the exact HVAC load needed for your layout to avoid oversizing or inefficiency. 4. LED Lighting + Efficient Appliances 💡🧺 From lighting to laundry, every appliance and fixture in your home plays a role in energy usage. ✅ Eco-Friendly Essentials: ✔️ LED recessed lighting and fixtures throughout the home ✔️ ENERGY STAR-rated washers, dryers, and refrigerators ✔️ Tankless or hybrid water heaters 💡 Builder Tip: We guide you in selecting finishes and appliances that match your design style while saving energy. 5. Smart Home Technology for Efficiency 📱📊 Home automation helps manage energy use without sacrificing comfort—perfect for coastal homes, vacation properties, or remote monitoring. ✅ Smart Tools: ✔️ Lighting timers and motion sensors ✔️ Smart thermostats and HVAC controls ✔️ Water leak detectors and irrigation timers 💡 Builder Tip: We prewire your home for tech features that help you monitor and adjust your energy use from anywhere. At South Texas Home Builders, energy efficiency is built into every phase of the design—from insulation to appliances to lighting. The result? A home that’s cool, comfortable, and low-cost to maintain, no matter the weather.  📞 Contact us today to start planning your custom coastal home with energy-efficient features designed to last.